This article provides a historical overview of the discovery of the
visual cortex in the human brain. War casualty studies by
Inouye and Holmes, animal studies, and imaging are discussed.
The study of the cortical representation of visual function is a quest to
understand the actual function-anatomy relationship between the visual field and
of its cortical representation. It began a century ago with observations by
ophthalmologist Tatsuji Inouye and a decade later by ophthalmologist Gordon
Holmes and Lieutenant-Colonel Lister.
Both studied wounded war survivors, in the former Russo-Japanese War
in 1904-1905 and later in the First World War (1914-1918). The work of
Holmes and Lister resulted in a manuscript published in the British Journal of
Ophthalmology in 1918, later referred to as the Holmes maps. The paper
provides a prototype model of the current understanding of visual cortical
function based on a study of brain-injured soldiers who
associate the anatomical location of an injury with its corresponding damage in the
visual field. The work has been refined by several authors over
time, primarily through observations in animal studies. The advent of modern
cranial imaging led to a revision of the classic Holmes map:
McAuley and Russel used computed tomography to correlate
visual field lesions in stroke patients with visual pathway lesions 12
years later in 1991 when Horton and Hoyt provided a revision of the
classic Holmes map in a landmark study correlating
visual field lesions with magnetic resonance scans.
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